HTML From Beginners to Advance Step by Step Learning

Introduction to HTML:

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. It is a markup language used to create web pages and other documents that are intended to be viewed in a web browser. HTML is the foundation of the World Wide Web, and it provides a way to structure and format content on a web page.

HTML was first created in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee, who is also credited with inventing the World Wide Web. Since then, HTML has undergone several revisions, with the latest version being HTML5. Each new version of HTML has introduced new features and capabilities, making it easier for web developers to create more complex and dynamic web pages.

HTML works by using a series of tags and attributes to define the structure and content of a web page. Tags are used to mark up different

parts of a document, such as headings, paragraphs, and lists. Attributes provide additional information about a tag, such as the color of text or the location of an image.

HTML is not a programming language, but rather a markup language. This means that it is primarily used for creating static web pages, rather than dynamic applications. However, HTML can be combined with other languages such as JavaScript and CSS to create more interactive and dynamic web pages.

In summary, HTML is the foundation of the World Wide Web and provides a way to structure and format content on a web page. It uses tags and attributes to define the structure and content of a document and has undergone several revisions over the years, with the latest version being HTML5. HTML is primarily used for creating static web pages, but it can be combined with other languages to create more interactive and dynamic web pages.

Document Structure:

Explain the basic structure of an HTML document, including the document type declaration, the head section, and the body section.

The basic structure of an HTML document consists of three main parts: the document type declaration, the head section, and the body section.

Document Type Declaration (DTD): This is the first line of an HTML document and it specifies the version of HTML being used. The document type declaration is important because it tells the browser how to interpret the HTML code that follows.

Head Section: The head section of an HTML document is located between the <head> and </head> tags. This section contains meta

information about the document, such as the title of the page, links to external style sheets, and scripts used to add functionality to the page.

The head section is not displayed on the web page, but it is used by search engines and other tools to understand the content of the page.

Body Section: The body section of an HTML document is located between the <body> and </body> tags. This section contains the visible

content of the web page, such as text, images, and multimedia elements. The content is marked up using HTML tags and attributes, which

define the structure and formatting of the content.

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<h1>Welcome to my web page</h1>

<p>This is some example text.</p>

</body>

</html>

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In this example, the document type declaration specifies that the document is written in HTML5. The head section contains a title for the page

and a link to an external stylesheet. The body section contains a heading, a paragraph of text, and an image. Note that the tags are nested,

meaning that some tags are contained within others, such as the <head> and <body> tags being contained within the <html> tag.

Text Formatting:

Cover the different types of text formatting that can be applied in HTML, such as bold, italic, underline, and strike through.

HTML provides several text formatting options that can be used to enhance the appearance of text on a web page. Here are the most

commonly used text formatting options:

1. Bold Text: To make text bold, the <strong> or <b> tag can be used. For example, the following code will make the word "bold" appear in

bold font:

2. Italic Text: To make text italic, the <em> or <i> tag can be used. For example, the following code will make the word "italic" appear in italic

font:

<p>This is some <em>italic</em> text.</p>

3. Underlined Text: To underline text, the <u> tag can be used. For example, the following code will make the word "underlined" appear

underlined:

<p>This is some <u>underlined</u> text.</p>

4. Strike through Text: To add a strike through to text, the <s> or <strike> tag can be used. For example, the following code will make the word

"strike through" appear with a line through it:

<p>This is some <s>strike through</s> text.</p>

5. Superscript Text: To make text appear as superscript, the <sup> tag can be used. For example, the following code will make the number "2"

appear as superscript:

<p>This is some text with the number 10<sup>2</sup> in superscript.</p>

6. Subscript Text: To make text appear as subscript, the <sub> tag can be used. For example, the following code will make the chemical

formula "H2O" appear with the "2" as subscript:

<p>This is some text with the chemical formula H<sub>2</sub>O in subscript.</p>

In addition to these formatting options, HTML also provides the <span> tag, which can be used to apply styles to specific sections of text. The

<span> tag can be combined with CSS to create custom styles for text, such as changing the font color, size, or background color.

Hyperlinks:

Explain how to create hyperlinks in HTML, including different types of links, such as internal and external links, and how to specify link

targets.

Hyperlinks, or links, are an essential part of the web and allow users to navigate between web pages. In HTML, hyperlinks are created using the

<a> (anchor) tag. Here's how to create hyperlinks in HTML:

1. Internal Links: Internal links are used to link to another page on the same website. To create an internal link, use the <a> tag and specify the

URL of the page you want to link to using the href attribute. For example:

This code will create a hyperlink that, when clicked, will take the user to "page2.html" within the same website.

2. External Links: External links are used to link to a page on a different website. To create an external link, use the <a> tag and specify the URL

of the external page using the href attribute. For example:

<a href="https://www.example.com">Link to Example Website</a>

This code will create a hyperlink that, when clicked, will take the user to "https://www.example.com".

3. Link Targets: By default, when a link is clicked, the linked page will open in the same browser window or tab. However, it's possible to

specify that the linked page should open in a new window or tab using the target attribute. For example:

<a href="https://www.example.com" target="_blank">Link to Example Website</a>

This code will create a hyperlink that, when clicked, will open "https://www.example.com" in a new browser window or tab.

4. It's also possible to create links that jump to specific sections of a page by using the id attribute. For example, if a page has a section with an

id of "section1", you could create a link to that section using the following code:

<a href="#section1">Link to Section 1</a>

This code will create a hyperlink that, when clicked, will take the user to the section of the page with the id of "section1".

In summary, hyperlinks in HTML are created using the <a> tag and the href attribute to specify the URL of the linked page. Internal links are

used to link to pages within the same website, external links are used to link to pages on different websites, and link targets can be used to

specify where the linked page should open. Additionally, links can jump to specific sections of a page using the id attribute.

Images:

Cover how to insert images into an HTML document, including how to specify the image source and alt text.

Images are an important part of many web pages, and HTML provides a way to easily insert images into a document. Here's how to insert

images in HTML:

1. Specify the Image Source: To insert an image into an HTML document, use the <img> tag and specify the URL of the image using the src

attribute. For example:

This code will insert the image "image.jpg" into the HTML document.

2. Add Alt Text: Alt text, or alternative text, is important for accessibility and SEO. Alt text provides a description of the image that can be read

by screen readers or displayed if the image fails to load. To add alt text to an image, use the alt attribute. For example:

This code will insert the image "image.jpg" into the HTML document with the alt text "A beautiful landscape".

3. Specify Image Dimensions: To control the size of an image, use the width and height attributes. For example:

This code will insert the image "image.jpg" into the HTML document with the alt text "A beautiful landscape" and a width of 500 pixels and a

height of 300 pixels.

4. Use Image Formats: HTML supports a variety of image formats, including JPEG, PNG, GIF, and SVG. When choosing an image format,

consider the type of image and its purpose. JPEG images are best for photographs, while PNG images are best for graphics with transparent

backgrounds. GIF images are best for simple animations, while SVG images are best for scalable vector graphics.

In summary, images can be inserted into an HTML document using the <img> tag and the src attribute to specify the image source. Alt text can

be added using the alt attribute, and image dimensions can be controlled using the width and height attributes. It's also important to choose

the appropriate image format for the type of image being used.

Lists:

Explain the different types of lists that can be created in HTML, including ordered lists, unordered lists, and definition lists.

Lists are a useful way to organize content in HTML. There are three types of lists that can be created in HTML:

1. Ordered lists,

2. Unordered lists,

3. Definition lists.

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1. Ordered Lists: Ordered lists are used when the items in the list need to be in a specific order. To create an ordered list, use the <ol> tag and

the <li> tag to define each list item. For example:

<ol>

</ol>

This code will create an ordered list with three items, numbered 1-3.

2. Unordered Lists: Unordered lists are used when the order of the items in the list is not important. To create an unordered list, use the <ul>

tag and the <li> tag to define each list item. For example:

<ul>

</ul>

This code will create an unordered list with three items, each with a bullet point.

3. Definition Lists: Definition lists are used to define terms and their corresponding definitions.

To create a definition list, use the <dl> tag and the <dt> tag to define each term and the <dd> tag to define each definition.

For example:

<dl>

<dd>Definition 1</dd>

<dd>Definition 2</dd>

<dd>Definition 3</dd>

</dl>

This code will create a definition list with three terms and their corresponding definitions.

It's also possible to nest lists within each other to create more complex list structures. For example:

<ol>

<li>Item 2

<ul>

<li>Subitem 1</li>

<li>Subitem 2</li>

</ul>

</li>

</ol>

This code will create an ordered list with three items, where the second item contains a nested unordered list.

In summary, there are three types of lists that can be created in HTML: ordered lists, unordered lists, and definition lists. Each type of list is

created using different tags and can be nested within each other to create more complex list structures.

Tables:

Cover how to create tables in HTML, including how to specify table headers, rows, and columns.

Tables are a useful way to display data in HTML. In order to create a table, we use the <table> tag, along with a combination of other tags to

define the structure of the table.

The basic structure of an HTML table is as follows:

<table>

<thead>

<tr>

<th>Header 1</th>

<th>Header 2</th>

</tr>

</thead>

<tbody>

<tr>

<td>Row 1, Column 1</td>

<td>Row 1, Column 2</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Row 2, Column 1</td>

<td>Row 2, Column 2</td>

</tr>

</tbody>

</table>

1. The <table> tag defines the beginning and end of the table.

2. The <thead> tag is used to define the table headers, and should contain a <tr> tag (table row) with one or more <th> tags (table headers) to

specify the header cells.

3. The <tbody> tag is used to define the table body, and should contain one or more <tr> tags, each with one or more <td> tags (table data) to

specify the cells in each row.

It is important to note that each <th> and <td> element should be contained within a <tr> element, and that the number of <th> elements in

each <tr> should match the number of <td> elements in each corresponding <tr>.

In addition to the basic structure, there are a number of other tags and attributes that can be used to customize the appearance and behavior

of tables. Some of the most commonly used include:

4. <caption>: Defines a caption for the table.

5. <colgroup> and <col>: Defines groups of columns in the table and their properties.

6. rowspan and colspan attributes: Specifies how many rows or columns a cell should span.

7. border attribute: Specifies the width of the table border.

8. width and height attributes: Specifies the width and height of the table.

Here is an example of a more complex table that uses some of these attributes:

<caption>Monthly Sales Report</caption>

</colgroup>

<thead>

<tr>

<th rowspan="2">Month</th>

<th colspan="2">Sales</th>

</tr>

<tr>

<th>Product A</th>

<th>Product B</th>

</tr>

</thead>

<tbody>

<tr>

<td>January</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>February</td>

</tr>

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</tbody>

</table>

This code will create a table with a caption, three columns, and two rows of data. The first row contains merged cells using rowspan and

colspan attributes, and the second row contains data cells. The table also has a border and is 50% of the width of its container.

Forms:

Explain how to create forms in HTML, including different types of form elements, such as text boxes, radio buttons, check boxes, and drop-

down menus.

Forms are an essential part of web development that allow users to input and submit data. In HTML, forms are created using the <form> tag,

along with a combination of other form-specific tags and attributes.

The basic structure of an HTML form is as follows:

<form>

</form>

Within the <form> tag, we can use a variety of form-specific tags and attributes to define the input fields and submit button. Some of the most

commonly used form elements include:

<input type="text">: Creates a text box for users to input text.

<input type="password">: Creates a text box for users to input passwords.

<input type="checkbox">: Creates a checkbox that users can select or deselect.

<input type="radio">: Creates a radio button that users can select from a group of options.

<select> and <option>: Creates a drop-down menu with a list of options for users to choose from.

<textarea>: Creates a larger text box for users to input longer pieces of text.

Each form element must have a name attribute that corresponds to the data that will be submitted to the server when the form is submitted.

We can also use the value attribute to specify the default value for the input field.

In addition to the basic form elements, there are a number of other attributes and tags that can be used to customize the behavior and

appearance of forms. Some of the most commonly used include:

<label>: Associates a label with a form element for improved accessibility.

<fieldset> and <legend>: Groups related form elements together and provides a caption for the group.

required attribute: Specifies that the user must fill out the input field before submitting the form.

min, max, and step attributes: Specifies the minimum, maximum, and increment values for numeric input fields.

Here is an example of a simple form that includes several different types of form elements:

<label for="email">Email:</label>

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<label for="gender">Gender:</label>

<label for="female">Female</label>

<label for="interests">Interests:</label>

<option value="music">Music</option>

<option value="sports">Sports</option>

<option value="movies">Movies</option>

</select>

<label for="comments">Comments:</label>

</form>

This code will create a form with input fields for the user's name, email, age, gender, interests, and comments. The gender input fields are

radio buttons, while the interests input field is a drop-down menu with multiple options. The required attribute is used to ensure that all

required fields are filled out before the form can be submitted. When the user

All about Inputs tags and types ,attributes

HTML's <input> tag is used to create various types of form controls, which allow users to input data in different formats such as text, numbers,

dates, email addresses, and more. Here are some of the most commonly used input types and their attributes:

1. Text Input:

Type: text

Attributes:

id: Specifies a unique ID for the input element.

placeholder: Provides a hint or example text for the user.

maxlength: Specifies the maximum number of characters that the user can input.

value: Sets the default value of the input field.

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Examples :

<label for="username">Username:</label>

2. Password Input:

Type: password

Attributes: Same as text input.

<label for="password">Password:</label>

Example

3. Checkbox Input:

Type: checkbox

Attributes:

id: Specifies a unique ID for the input element.

value: Specifies the value to be submitted when the checkbox is checked.

checked: Specifies that the checkbox should be checked by default.

Example

<label for="hobbies">What are your hobbies?</label><br>

<label for="hobby1">Reading</label><br>

<label for="hobby2">Swimming</label><br>

4. Radio Input:

Type: radio

Attributes:

id: Specifies a unique ID for the input element.

value: Specifies the value to be submitted when the radio button is selected.

checked: Specifies that the radio button should be selected by default.

Example

<label for="gender">Gender:</label><br>

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<label for="female">Female</label><br>

5. Range Input:

Type: range

Attributes:

id: Specifies a unique ID for the input element.

min: Specifies the minimum value of the input element.

max: Specifies the maximum value of the input element.

step: Specifies the interval between valid values.

Example

<label for="quantity">Select a quantity:</label>

6. Date Input:

Type: date

Attributes: Same as range input.

Example

<label for="birthdate">Date of Birth:</label>

7. Time Input:

Type: time

Attributes: Same as range input.

Example

<label for="meeting-time">Choose a meeting time:</label>

8. Email Input:

Type: email

Attributes: Same as text input.

Example

<label for="email">Email:</label>

9. File Input:

Type: file

Attributes:

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id: Specifies a unique ID for the input element.

accept: Specifies the types of files that the user can select.

Example

<label for="file">Upload a file:</label>

10. Submit Input:

Type: submit

Attributes:

value: Specifies the text to be displayed on the submit button.

Example

11. Reset Input:

Type: reset

Attributes: Same as submit input.

Example

12. Button Input:

Type: button

Attributes:

value: Specifies the text to be displayed on the button.

Example

<button type="button" onclick="alert('Hello World!')">Click Me!</button>

In addition to the input types, there are several common attributes that can be used with input tags:

name: Specifies the name of the input element. This attribute is used to associate the input with its corresponding value when the form is submitted.

id: Specifies a unique ID for the input element. This attribute can be used to target the input element with JavaScript or CSS.

placeholder: Provides a hint or example text for the user.

disabled: Specifies that the input element should be disabled and cannot be interacted with by the user.

readonly: Specifies that the input element should be read-only and cannot be changed

13. Color: This type is used to get a color value from the user.

Example:

Attributes:

 Placeholder: This attribute is used to give a hint to the user about what they should enter in the input field. Example:

 Max and Min: These attributes are used to specify the maximum and minimum values for a numeric input field. Example:

Disabled: This attribute is used to disable an input field so that the user cannot interact with it. Example:

Readonly: This attribute is used to make an input field read-only, so the user cannot change its value. Example:

Combined Example:

Here's an example of a form that uses several different input types and attributes:

<form>

<label>Email:</label>

<label>Gender:</label>

<input type="radio" name="gender" value="male" required>Male

<input type="radio" name="gender" value="female" required>Female<br>

<label>Favorite Color:</label>

<label>Choose a Date:</label>

<label>Choose a Time:</label>

<label>Address:</label>

<label>Password:</label>

<label>Confirm Password:</label>

</form>Knowledgecafeofficial

This form includes text, email, number, radio, color, date, time, text (read-only), and password input fields. It also includes the required

attribute to ensure that the user fills out all required fields before submitting the form.

Layout:

Cover how to create layouts in HTML, including how to use div and spans, and how to specify CSS styles.

Creating layouts in HTML involves organizing the content on a page to improve its visual appeal and usability. HTML provides two primary

elements for creating layouts: the div and span elements.

The div element is used to create sections or containers on a web page. By using div elements, you can group together related elements, and

style them as a group. For example, you can create a header section, a main content section, and a footer section using div elements. Here's an

example of a basic layout structure using div elements:

<h1>My Website</h1>

<nav>

<ul>

<li><a href="#">About</a></li>

<li><a href="#">Contact</a></li>

</ul>

</nav>

</div>

<h2>Welcome to My Website</h2>

<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed non risus.</p>

</div>

</div>

In this example, we have created three div elements, each with a different class name: header, main-content, and footer. We can then apply

CSS styles to these class names to create a custom layout.

The span element is used to apply styles to a specific section of text within a larger block of text. Unlike the div element, span is an inline

element, which means that it doesn't create a new line. Here's an example:

<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed non risus, sapien sit amet vulputate.</p>

<p>Phasellus ultrices nisi a orci dignissim molestie.</p>

<p>Donec eu est non lacus lacinia semper.</p>

<p>Curabitur sit amet erat ante. <span class="highlight">Nam sit amet odio</span> at risus pharetra fermentum.</p>

In this example, we've added a span element with the class name highlight to highlight the text "Nam sit amet odio" with a different

background color. We can then apply CSS styles to the .highlight class to change the background color of the highlighted text.

To style these layout elements, you can use CSS (Cascading Style Sheets). CSS allows you to specify styles for each element on a web page,

including the layout elements. Here's an example of CSS styles applied to the layout elements we've created:

.header {

background-color: #333;

color: #fff;

padding: 10px;

}

.main-content {

background-color: #eee;

padding: 10px;

}

.footer {

background-color: #333;

color: #fff;

padding: 10px;

text-align: center;

}

.highlight {

background-color: yellow;

}

In this example, we've added background colors, padding, and text color styles to each of the layout elements. We've also added a text

alignment style to the footer element. Additionally, we've added a highlight class that specifies a yellow background color for any text enclosed

within a span element with that class.

By using div and span elements and CSS styles, you can create a wide variety of layouts for your web pages.

Elaborate and explain all about Advanced Topics: Cover more advanced topics in HTML, such as multimedia elements, iframes, and the use of HTML5.

Advanced topics in HTML include features that enable the creation of more sophisticated and interactive websites, such as multimedia

elements, iframes, and the use of HTML5.

Multimedia Elements: HTML provides various multimedia elements, such as audio and video, that allow web developers to embed media

content directly into web pages. To insert an audio or video element, you can use the <audio> and <video> tags, respectively. Within these

tags, you can use attributes such as src to specify the URL of the media file, controls to enable media playback controls, and autoplay to start

playing the media automatically.

HTML provides two specific tags to handle multimedia elements: <audio> and <video>.

1. The <audio> tag is used to add audio files such as music, podcasts or audiobooks, while the <video> tag is used to add video files such as

movies, TV shows or other video content.

Here's a breakdown of each tag and their attributes:

<audio> tag:

The <audio> tag allows you to embed audio content into your HTML document. You can use the src attribute to specify the URL of the audio

file, and the controls attribute to display a set of playback controls for the user.

Example:

Additional attributes include:

autoplay: Specifies that the audio should start playing as soon as it is loaded.

loop: Specifies that the audio should loop continuously.

preload: Specifies whether the audio should be loaded before it is played.

Example:

2. <video> tag:

The <video> tag allows you to embed video content into your HTML document. You can use the src attribute to specify the URL of the video

file, and the controls attribute to display a set of playback controls for the user.

Example:

Additional attributes include:

width: Specifies the width of the video player.

height: Specifies the height of the video player.

autoplay: Specifies that the video should start playing as soon as it is loaded.

loop: Specifies that the video should loop continuously.

preload: Specifies whether the video should be loaded before it is played.

Example:

In conclusion, using the <audio> and <video> tags in HTML is a powerful way to incorporate multimedia elements into your web pages, and

can greatly enhance the overall user experience.

Iframes: An iframe is an HTML element that allows you to embed a web page within another web page. This can be useful when you want to

include external content within your own website, such as a map or a social media feed. To create an iframe, you can use the <iframe> tag,

and set the src attribute to the URL of the page you want to embed.

Example:

HTML5: HTML5 is the latest version of the HTML standard, and includes a range of new features and elements that make it easier to create

modern, responsive websites. Some of the key features of HTML5 include the ability to create more advanced forms, better support for

multimedia content, and new semantic elements like <header> and <footer>.

Example:

<h1>Welcome to my website!</h1>

<nav>

<ul>

<li><a href="#">About</a></li>

<li><a href="#">Contact</a></li>

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</ul>

</nav>

</header>

<h2>About Me</h2>

<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Nulla consectetur nulla velit, eu pellentesque ipsum bibendum vel.</p>

</section>

</footer>

In conclusion, understanding and using advanced topics in HTML can greatly enhance the functionality and interactivity of your website, and

allow you to create a more engaging and user-friendly experience for your visitors.

Elaborate:Accessibility: Emphasize the importance of accessibility in HTML, and cover how to use semantic HTML to improve accessibility.

Accessibility is a crucial aspect of web development. It refers to the design of websites and applications to ensure that people with disabilities

can access and use them. It includes aspects such as ensuring compatibility with assistive technologies like screen readers, making content

easy to read and understand, and providing alternative ways to access multimedia content.

HTML provides several features that can be used to improve accessibility, the most important of which is semantic markup. Semantic markup

means using HTML elements to describe the meaning and structure of the content, rather than just the visual appearance. This helps screen

readers and other assistive technologies to understand the content and present it to users in a way that makes sense.

Here are some ways to use semantic HTML to improve accessibility:

Use headings to structure content: Headings help to structure content and make it easier to understand. Use H1 for the main heading, and

then use H2, H3, and so on, for subheadings.

Use lists to group related content: Lists are a great way to group related content together, and they can also make it easier for users to

navigate your site.

Use descriptive link text: Instead of using "click here" or other generic text for links, use descriptive text that tells users what the link leads to.

Use alt text for images: Alt text provides a text alternative for images, which is important for users who cannot see them. Be sure to use

descriptive alt text that accurately describes the image.

Use the appropriate HTML elements: Use HTML elements that are appropriate for the content you are creating. For example, use the article

element for news articles, and the section element for related content.

Use ARIA attributes: ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) attributes can be used to provide additional information to assistive

technologies. For example, you can use ARIA labels to provide additional information about form fields.

By using semantic HTML and other accessibility features, you can ensure that your website is accessible to as many users as possible, including

those with disabilities. This not only improves the user experience but also helps to ensure compliance with accessibility standards and

regulations.

Practice Code Examples With Summary

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the standard markup language for creating web pages. HTML defines the structure and content of a web page and provides information to the browser on how to display it.

An HTML document is the building block of a web page. To create and save an HTML document, you need a text editor, such as Notepad, Sublime Text, or Visual Studio Code.

Here are the steps to create and save an HTML document:

Open a text editor and create a new file.

Type the following code to create a basic HTML document:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>My First Web Page</title>

</head>

<body>

<h1>Hello World!</h1>

</body>

</html>

Save the file with a .html extension, such as "index.html".

To access a web page using a web browser, simply double-click on the HTML file you just created and it will open in your default web browser.

· The "html" tag is the root element of an HTML document and contains all the other HTML elements.

· The "head" tag contains information about the document, such as the title, which is displayed in the browser's tab.

· The "body" tag contains the content of the web page, such as headings, paragraphs, and lists.

· The "br" tag is used to insert a line break in the text, and the "hr" tag is used to insert a horizontal rule.

· HTML supports several types of tags for styling text, such as "b" for bold, "i" for italics, and "u" for underline.

· Lists, such as unordered lists (ul) and ordered lists (ol), can be created using the "ul" and "ol" tags, respectively. List items are added using the "li" tag.

· The "dl" tag is used to create a description list, with each term defined using the "dt" tag and its definition given using the "dd" tag.

· The "ol" tag has two attributes, "start" and "type", that specify the starting number of the list and the numbering style, respectively. The "ul" tag has the "type" attribute, which specifies the style of the bullet points.

By using these HTML tags, you can create a basic web page with text, headings, lists, and descriptions.

Here are some of the most commonly used HTML tags and their definitions, along with examples.

1. <html>

This tag defines the start and end of an HTML document. Every HTML document must start with <html> and end with </html> tag.

Example:

<html>

</html>

2. <head>

The head tag contains information about the document such as the title, meta data, and links to external resources. The content inside the head tag is not displayed on the web page.

Example:

<head>

</head>

3. <body>

The body tag contains the content that is visible on the web page. This is where you add text, images, videos, links, and other elements.

Example:

<body>

<h1>Welcome to My Web Page</h1>

<p>This is a sample paragraph.</p>

</body>

4. <header>

The header tag defines the header of a web page and typically contains the logo, site navigation, and other information that is common to all pages.

Example:

<nav>

<ul>

<li><a href="#about">About</a></li>

<li><a href="#contact">Contact</a></li>

</ul>

</nav>

</header>

5. <main>

The main tag defines the main content of a web page and should be unique to each page.

Example:

<main>

<h2>About Us</h2>

<p>We are a company that specializes in web development and design.</p>

</main>

6. <section>

The section tag defines a section of a web page that contains related content. It is typically used to organize content into different categories.

Example:

<h3>Our Services</h3>

<ul>

<li>Web Development</li>

<li>Web Design</li>

</ul>

</section>

7. <article>

The article tag defines a standalone piece of content that can be independently distributed or syndicated.

Example:

<h4>Latest News</h4>

<p>We have just launched a new website for our company.</p>

</article>

8. <footer>

The footer tag defines the footer of a web page and typically contains information such as the copyright, links to important pages, and contact information.

Example:

<ul>

9. <h1> to <h6>

The h1 to h6 tags define headings for the content on the web page. h1 is the highest-level heading and h6 is the lowest-level heading.

Example:

<h1>This is a level 1 heading</h1>

<h2>This is a level 2 heading</h2>

<h3>This is a level 3 heading</h3>

<h4>This is a level 4 heading</h4>

<h5>This is a level 5 heading</h5>

<h6>This is a level 6 heading</h6>

10. <p>

The p tag defines a paragraph of text.

Example:

<p>This is a sample paragraph of text. It can contain any type of text, including lists, links, images, etc.</p>

11. <a>

The a tag defines a hyperlink that links one web page to another.

Example:

<a href="https://www.google.com">This is a link to Google</a>

12. <img>

The img tag displays an image on the web page.

Example:

13. <ul>

The ul tag defines an unordered list. It is used to create bullet points for items in a list.

Example:

<ul>

</ul>

14. <ol>

The ol tag defines an ordered list. It is used to create numbered items in a list.

Example:

<ol>

</ol>

15. <li>

The li tag defines a list item. It is used inside unordered and ordered lists.

Example:

<ul>

</ul>

16. <table>

The table tag defines a table. It is used to display data in a tabular format.

Example:

<table>

<tr>

<th>Header 1</th>

<th>Header 2</th>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Row 1, Column 1</td>

<td>Row 1, Column 2</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Row 2, Column 1</td>

<td>Row 2, Column 2</td>

</tr>

</table>

17. <tr>

The tr tag defines a table row. It is used inside a table.

Example:

<table>

<tr>

<td>Row 1, Column 1</td>

<td>Row 1, Column 2</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Row 2, Column 1</td>

<td>Row 2, Column 2</td>

</tr>

</table>

18. <th>

The th tag defines a table header cell. It is used to define header cells in a table.

Example:

<table>

<tr>

<th>Header 1</th>

<th>Header 2</th>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Row 1, Column 1</td>

<td>Row 1, Column 2</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Row 2, Column 1</td>

<td>Row 2, Column 2</td>

</tr>

</table>

19. <td>

The td tag defines a table data cell. It is used to define data cells in a table.

Example:

<table>

<tr>

<td>Row 1, Column 1</td>

<td>Row 1, Column 2</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Row 2, Column 1</td>

<td>Row 2, Column 2</td>

</tr>

</table>

20. <form>

The form tag defines an HTML form for user input. It is used to take user input through different form elements such as text fields, radio buttons, checkboxes, etc.

Example:

<form>

<label for="username">Username:</label>

<label for="password">Password:</label>

</form>

21. <input>

The input tag defines a form control for user input. It is used in forms to take different types of user inputs such as text, password, checkbox, radio button, etc.

Example:

<form>

<label for="username">Username:</label>

<label for="password">Password:</label>

</form>

22. <label>

The label tag defines a label for a form control. It is used to associate form elements with their labels.

Example:

<form>

<label for="username">Username:</label>

<label for="password">Password:</label>

</form>

23. <select>

The select tag defines a drop-down list for user input. It is used in forms to take input from a list of options.

Example:

<option value="option1">Option 1</option>

<option value="option2">Option 2</option>

<option value="option3">Option 3</option>

</select>

24. v<option>

The option tag defines an option in a drop-down list. It is used inside a select tag to define the options in the drop-down list.

Example:

<option value="option1">Option 1</option>

<option value="option2">Option 2</option>

<option value="option3">Option 3</option>

</select>

25. <textarea>

The textarea tag defines a multi-line text input control. It is used in forms to take input from the user in the form of a large text block.

Example:

<form>

Enter your message here...

</textarea>

</form>

26. <button>

The button tag defines a clickable button. It is used to create buttons that perform specific actions when clicked.

Example:

<button>Click me</button>

In conclusion, these are the most commonly used HTML tags that are essential for web development. With a solid understanding of these tags, you can start building your own websites and web applications with HTML.

27. <img>

The img tag is used to embed images into a web page. It is one of the most important HTML tags used for web development.

Attributes of the img tag:

• src: Specifies the source URL of the image.

• alt: Specifies alternative text for the image, in case the image cannot be displayed.

• width: Specifies the width of the image.

• height: Specifies the height of the image.

• title: Specifies extra information about the image.

• usemap: Specifies a client-side image map to be used with the image.

Example:

28. <audio>

The audio tag is used to embed audio files into a web page.

Attributes of the audio tag:

• src: Specifies the source URL of the audio file.

• controls: Specifies that audio controls should be displayed (e.g. play, pause, volume).

• autoplay: Specifies that the audio should start playing automatically.

• loop: Specifies that the audio should loop automatically.

• preload: Specifies if and how the audio should be loaded when the page loads.

Example:

Your browser does not support the audio tag.

</audio>

29. <video>

The video tag is used to embed video files into a web page.

Attributes of the video tag:

• src: Specifies the source URL of the video file.

• controls: Specifies that video controls should be displayed (e.g. play, pause, volume).

• autoplay: Specifies that the video should start playing automatically.

• loop: Specifies that the video should loop automatically.

• width: Specifies the width of the video.

• height: Specifies the height of the video.

• preload: Specifies if and how the video should be loaded when the page loads.

Example:

Your browser does not support the video tag.

</video>

These HTML tags allow you to embed different types of media files into a web page and create a more engaging and dynamic user experience.

Links

Links, also known as hyperlinks, are used to connect different web pages or to jump to a specific section of the same page. They are created using the anchor tag ( <a> ).

Types of Links

There are two main types of links:

1 External links: These links connect to a different website or web page.

2 Internal links: These links connect to a specific section or location on the same web page.

The <a> tag is used to create links. It stands for "anchor" and is used to define the destination of a link.

Attributes of the <a> tag:

• href: Specifies the destination URL of the link.

• target: Specifies where the linked document will be opened. (e.g. "_blank" will open the link in a new tab or window).

• rel: Specifies the relationship between the current document and the linked document.

• download: Specifies that the linked file should be downloaded instead of navigating to it.

• hreflang: Specifies the language of the linked document.

Example:

<a href="https://www.example.com">Visit Example.com</a>

In conclusion, links are an essential part of web development and the anchor tag provides a way to create them in HTML. The various attributes of the <a> tag provide additional options and functionality to the links, making them more versatile and dynamic.

The "ol" tag is used to create an ordered list and has two attributes, "start" and "type". The "start" attribute specifies the starting number of the list, while the "type" attribute specifies the numbering style. Possible values for "type" are "1" (numbers), "a" (lowercase letters), "A" (uppercase letters), and "i" (lowercase Roman numerals).

For example:

</ol>

The "ul" tag is used to create an unordered list and has the "type" attribute, which specifies the style of the bullet points. Possible values for "type" are "disc" (filled circle), "circle" (outline circle), and "square" (filled square).

For example:

</ul>

By using these tags and their attributes, you can create descriptive lists, ordered lists, and unordered lists in your web pages.

The "font" tag is used to specify the font style of text within a web page. The tag has three attributes: "face", "size", and "color". The "face" attribute specifies the font family to be used, such as Arial, Times New Roman, etc. The "size" attribute specifies the font size, with values ranging from 1 to 7. The "color" attribute specifies the color of the text.

For example:

<font face="Arial" size="3" color="#0000FF">This is an example of font tag</font>

The "img" tag is used to embed images in a web page. The tag has four attributes: "src", "width", "height", and "alt". The "src" attribute specifies the source URL of the image. The "width" and "height" attributes specify the width and height of the image, respectively. The "alt" attribute provides alternative text for the image, which is displayed if the image cannot be loaded.

For example:

The "sup" tag is used to create superscript text, which appears slightly above the regular text. Superscript text is often used for footnotes or exponents.

For example:

This text contains a superscript<sup>1</sup>.

The "sub" tag is used to create subscript text, which appears slightly below the regular text. Subscript text is often used for chemical formulas or indices.

For example:

This text contains a subscript<sub>1</sub>.

By using these tags and their attributes, you can control the font style and insert images into your web pages.

HTML Forms allow users to interact with a web page by entering data into various fields, such as textboxes, radio buttons, checkboxes, and lists. The following is an overview of the different types of form elements:

Textbox: A textbox is a field where a user can enter text. The "input" tag is used to create a textbox, with the "type" attribute set to "text".

For example:

Radio Buttons: Radio buttons allow users to select one option from a group of options. The "input" tag is used to create a radio button, with the "type" attribute set to "radio".

For example:

<input type="radio" name="gender" value="male">Male

<input type="radio" name="gender" value="female">Female

Checkbox: Checkboxes allow users to select multiple options from a group of options. The "input" tag is used to create a checkbox, with the "type" attribute set to "checkbox".

For example:

<input type="checkbox" name="hobbies" value="reading">Reading

<input type="checkbox" name="hobbies" value="traveling">Traveling

Password: A password field is a textbox where the input is hidden by asterisks or dots. The "input" tag is used to create a password field, with the "type" attribute set to "password".

For example:

List: A list is a field that displays a drop-down list of options. The "select" tag is used to create a list, with "option" tags for each option.

For example:

<option value="delhi">Delhi</option>

<option value="mumbai">Mumbai</option>

<option value="chennai">Chennai</option>

</select>

A description list is used to create a list of terms and their associated descriptions. The "dl" tag is used to define the description list, with each term defined using the "dt" tag and its definition given using the "dd" tag.

<dl>

<dd>A document created using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript and is accessed through a web browser.</dd>

<dd>Hypertext Markup Language, a standard markup language used to create web pages.</dd>

</dl>

Combobox: A combobox is a field that allows users to enter text or select an option from a list. The "select" tag can be combined with the "input" tag to create a combobox.

For example:

<option value="">Select city</option>

<option value="delhi">Delhi</option>

<option value="mumbai">Mumbai</option>

<option value="chennai">Chennai</option>

</select>

To embed audio and video in a HTML page, the "audio" and "video" tags can be used. The "src" attribute is used to specify the source URL of the audio or video file. The "controls" attribute can be used to display the default controls for playing the audio or video.

For example:

Tables can be created in HTML using the "table", "tr", "th", and "td" tags. The "table" tag is used to create a table, "tr" is used to create a row, "th"

Links in HTML allow you to create connections between different web pages or elements within a web page. The a tag or the anchor tag is used to create links in HTML. The href attribute is used to specify the URL of the page that you want to link to. The mailto attribute can be used to create an email link, which opens the default email client with the specified email address.

CSS, or Cascading Style Sheets, is a style sheet language used for describing the look and formatting of a document written in HTML. CSS provides a way to separate the presentation of a web page from its content, making it easier to maintain and update.

CSS includes various attributes that are used to style a web page, including:

Color and Background

• color: Specifies the color of text.

• background-color: Specifies the background color of an element.

• background-image: Specifies an image as the background of an element.

• Text and Font

• font-size: Specifies the size of the font.

• font-family: Specifies the font family to be used.

• text-align: Specifies the horizontal alignment of text.

• text-decoration: Specifies the text decoration (e.g. underline, overline, etc.).

• Box Model

• margin: Specifies the margin around an element.

• padding: Specifies the space within an element.

• border: Specifies a border around an element.

• width: Specifies the width of an element.

• height: Specifies the height of an element.

• Display and Visibility

• display: Specifies the display type of an element (e.g. block, inline, none, etc.).

• visibility: Specifies if an element should be visible or hidden.

• Positioning

• position: Specifies the positioning type of an element (e.g. static, relative, absolute, fixed).

• top: Specifies the top position of an element.

• bottom: Specifies the bottom position of an element.

• left: Specifies the left position of an element.

• right: Specifies the right position of an element.

These are just a few examples of the many attributes available in CSS. By using CSS, you can control the layout, colors, fonts, and other visual elements of a web page, making it look more professional and visually appealing. CSS also makes it easier to maintain and update the look and feel of a website, as all the styles can be defined in a single CSS file that is linked to multiple HTML pages.

Color

The "color" attribute in CSS sets the color of the text in an HTML element. It can be specified using a color name, RGB value, or hexadecimal value.

Example:

p {

color: blue;

}

Background-color

The "background-color" attribute sets the background color of an HTML element. Like "color," it can be specified using a color name, RGB value, or hexadecimal value.

Example:

body {

background-color: #f2f2f2;

}

Border-style

The "border-style" attribute sets the style of the border around an HTML element. Possible values include solid, dotted, dashed, double, groove, ridge, inset, and outset.

Example:

img {

border-style: solid;

}

Margin

The "margin" attribute sets the space outside an HTML element. It can be specified in pixels or as a percentage of the parent element.

Example:

h1 {

margin: 20px;

}

Height

The "height" attribute sets the height of an HTML element. It can be specified in pixels or as a percentage of the parent element.

Example:

div {

height: 200px;

}

Width

The "width" attribute sets the width of an HTML element. It can be specified in pixels or as a percentage of the parent element.

Example:

img {

width: 100%;

}

Outline

The "outline" attribute sets an outline around an HTML element. It can be used to highlight an element or provide a visual border that does not take up any space.

Example:

a:hover {

outline: 2px solid blue;

}

Font

The "font" attribute is a shorthand for setting font-size, font-family, and other font-related properties.

Example:

p {

font: 14px Arial;

}

Align

The "text-align" attribute sets the horizontal alignment of text within an HTML element. Possible values include left, center, right, and justify.

Example:

h1 {

text-align: center;

}

Float

The "float" attribute is used to float an HTML element to the left or right of its parent container. It is often used to create multi-column layouts.

Example:

img {

float: right;

}

These are just a few examples of the many CSS attributes available for styling web pages. By using these attributes, you can control the layout, colors, fonts, and other visual elements of a web page, making it look more professional and visually appealing.

The target attribute can be used to specify where the linked page should be opened, for example, in a new tab or in the same tab.

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) are a stylesheet language used for describing the look and formatting of a document written in HTML. CSS can be used to change the appearance of HTML elements.

The following are some of the attributes used in CSS for web page design:

• color: Used to specify the text color

• background-color: Used to specify the background color of an element.

• border-style: Used to specify the style of an element's border.

• margin: Used to specify the margin of an element.

• height: Used to specify the height of an element.

• width: Used to specify the width of an element.

• outline: Used to specify an outline around an element.

• font-family: Used to specify the font family.

• font-style: Used to specify the font style.

• font-size: Used to specify the font size.

• align: Used to specify the horizontal alignment of an element.

• float: Used to specify if an element should float to the left or right of its parent container.

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